Authoritative References

Our educational content is informed by guidelines from major medical organizations and by peer-reviewed studies. External links open in a new tab and are provided for further reading; we do not control or endorse third-party content.

Written by MagnaMetabolic Editorial Team Medically reviewed by Ariel Ortiz, MD — Bariatric & Metabolic Surgery Last reviewed: June 7, 2026

Major guideline organizations

American Diabetes Association (ADA) — Standards of Care in Diabetes (annual)
American Association of Clinical Endocrinology (AACE) — Obesity and diabetes clinical practice guidelines
National Institutes of Health (NIH) — Federal biomedical research agency
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) — Patient and clinician resources on metabolic disease
World Health Organization (WHO) — Global health policy and definitions
American Heart Association (AHA) — Cardiovascular disease prevention guidelines
American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) — MASLD/MASH guidance
Endocrine Society — Endocrinology clinical practice guidelines
International Federation for the Surgery of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders (IFSO) — Bariatric/metabolic surgery position statements

Peer-reviewed literature

Article-level citations appear on each educational page with DOI links where available. Where consensus has shifted (e.g., the renaming of NAFLD to MASLD), we cite the most recent multisociety statement.

How we select sources

We prioritize: (1) current clinical practice guidelines from major societies; (2) randomized controlled trials and well-conducted meta-analyses for therapy questions; (3) prospective cohort studies for natural-history questions; and (4) authoritative public-health bodies (NIH, NIDDK, WHO) for population statistics. See our Editorial Policy and Content Review Process for details.