Condition
Sleep Apnea
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is repeated upper-airway obstruction during sleep, leading to fragmented sleep and intermittent oxygen desaturation. It is closely associated with obesity and contributes to hypertension, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular risk.
Common symptoms
- Loud snoring.
- Witnessed apneas or gasping.
- Daytime sleepiness, morning headaches, brain fog.
- Treatment-resistant hypertension.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is typically based on in-laboratory polysomnography or validated home sleep apnea testing. Severity is graded by the apnea–hypopnea index (AHI).
Why it matters metabolically
OSA is associated with insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, and cardiovascular events. Effective treatment frequently improves blood pressure and quality of life.
Treatment
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the most commonly used therapy. Weight loss, positional therapy, oral appliances, and surgical options are appropriate in selected patients.